What constitutes a 'long gun' under Hawaii law?

In Hawaii, a 'long gun' is defined as both a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder and includes rifles or shotguns. This means that for a firearm to be considered a long gun under Hawaii law, it must meet both criteria: designed to be fired from the shoulder and be a rifle or shotgun. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it correctly identifies the components that constitute a 'long gun' under Hawaii law.